Interaction design for Indian needs lab

The name of our lab is “Interaction Design for Indian Needs” or IDIN Lab. Most of my research is in the area of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). I work in a design school, so much of my work is done with a design lens. I work in India, and so much of my papers are related to India. While I have mentioned some papers relevant to this summary, I do not intend to list all my papers here. Please refer to my Google Scholar page for that. If you need a copy of any of my papers, but find it behind a paywall, please send me an email on  anirudha[at the rate]iitb.ac.in.

Understanding Emergent Users

By “emergent users”, we mean new users of information and communication technologies (ICTs), who may have less education (not reached college), who may be poor (for example, marginal farmers, very small business owners, village artisans catering to local markets), who are often located away from commercial and political centres, and are culturally different not only from the traditional (that is, urban and educated) users but from each other as well [1]. While we defined the term in 2013, we have been doing work for and with emergent users from before that. In a study published in 2004, we reported that ICTs (in that case ATMs) had the potential to transcend linguistic, social and gender barriers [2]. For example, we found that some people from lower socio-economic groups (surprisingly, at that time) preferred to use an ATM over using the branch to avoid experiencing a potential social tension. In 2008, we proposed a method to navigate a phonebook to look up a contact without typing any text [3], which could be useful for illiterate, and also to those who did not know how to type (which has been a problem for Indian users for a long time – see the next section on text input in Indian languages). We have investigated usage of interactive menus by emergent users, by comparing list based mens and hierarchies [4, 5], or comparing audio-only, visual only and audio-visual menus [6, 7]. We also did some work on localisation, including principles for better translations [8] and more usable terminologies in rural contexts [9]. 

India has been a living lab for experimentation and exploration in design for emergent users, which has attracted several international researchers to work out of India. I have had the opportunity to work with several international colleagues on research related to emergent users. Our group worked particularly closely with researchers in Swansea University, leading to explorations like a phone that can hide itself [10], apps that can simultaneously run across multiple phones letting users make better use of screen real estate and sensors [11], or understanding how smart speakers perform compared human help in public settings in a slum [12]. Our collaboration also led to process contributions, including end-user participation in design decision making [13], and exploring iterations in the process with different groups of collaborators [14].  Our understanding of emergent users got further enriched by working with and for them in application areas such as usable security, healthcare and education (discussed below).

Text Input and Localisation in Indian Languages

Many people find it surprising that a country with such a large population, a country that produces such a large amount of digital video content, a country with so many internet users, and a country that carries out so many financial transactions digitally each month, inputs so little text. While 10 Indian languages feature in the List of (37) languages by total number of speakers, not even one of them appears in the top 50 Wikipedias, when sorted by total number of articles.  It is not the case that Indians are not expressive - among the top 100 most subscribed Youtube channels, 33 are from India. Several other such anecdotes are clearly visible on the walls in India. Clearly, India still lacks a reliable and widely accepted text input mechanism that is suited to its languages. 

This problem has motivated several designers, researchers and language lovers in our lab.  While our earliest work was on physical keyboards [14], more of our work has been on touchscreens [15, 16, 17, 18], for visually impaired [19], by voice input [20], and voice input for visually impaired [21]. We have created better tools to allow us (and you) to conduct systematic studies that can help evaluate mechanisms to input text [22]. We have designed more than two dozen text input mechanisms. We continue to add to that list each year. (See a webinar on this topic by researchers in our lab in January 2025.)

Beyond text input, there are several areas where language related work needs to happen. Our early work in this area includes identifying better principles for localisation in Indian languages (e.g. [23]) and creating and refining phrase sets for doing work in Indian languages [24].

Usable Security

India has seen rapid growth of technology adoption among emergent users in the last 20 years, including in digital financial transactions. This rapid growth has also increased security risks. While our foray into usable security has been relatively recent, we already have interesting results for the security mechanism of Passfaces [25, 26, 27]. We have also explored the possibility of adding dimensions to the commonly used Android Pattern Locks [28]. 

Healthcare and Routine Health and Fitness

While obviously a lot more infrastructure needs to be added for healthcare in developing countries, often availability of doctors, medicines or facilities is only a part of the solution. A lot of healthcare is also about knowledge. It is about being user-centred, and about people knowing what, when and how to do things. ICTs present several opportunities in this space. We discovered this first in our project on People Living with HIV / AIDS (PLHA) [29, 30, 31], and later when we worked with pregnant women in urban India [32]. As ICTs get cheaper and at the same time get enriched with sensors and tracking mechanisms, and as these mechanisms become popular, opportunities arise to design for routine health and fitness for older adults [33, 34, 35, 36], as well as for younger adults [37].

Other work

• Accessibility: Date picker accessibility [38], graph accessibility [39], and Indian language text input accessibility work mentioned earlier [19, 21]

• Education and learning: Especially supporting adults with less education [40]

• Integrating HCI with Software Engineering: Evaluating relative contributions of design activities to usability [41], a tool to help set usability goals [42] and measuring effectiveness of HCI integration in software development processes [43]. All these papers came out of my own PhD.

Acknowledgements

Most of my work is in collaboration with other researchers. There have been huge contributions by students, colleagues, and collaborators in other universities and organisations. 

I gratefully acknowledge contributions of my PhD students Devanuj Balkrishan, Abhishek Shrivastava, Indrani Medhi, Sanjay Ghosh, Lakshmi Murthy, Pallavi Rao, and Deepak Ranjan Padhi. I am also proud of the work of other students in IDC (including many BDes and MDes students) with whom I had the chance to work on some exciting research projects, including Advait Bhat, Ishita Sharma, Atish Waghwase, Saloni Shetye, Khyati Priya, Aditya Ajikumar, Kuldeep Umaraiya, Maulashree Shanbhag, Zuha Asif, Avani Bhagadikar, Chinmay Parab, Anjana Srikrishnan, Riken Patel,  Shubhangi Salinkar, Amit Rathod and Aniket Sarangdhar. I learn a lot from my colleagues in the IDC School of Design, including faculty members Uday Athavankar, Girish Dalvi, and Mandar Rane, and co-researchers Manjiri Joshi, Shashank Ahire, Shweta Sali, Prasad Rashinkar, Neha Bharshankar, Vedant Deshmukh, Keyur Sorathia, Pabba Anu Bharath, Aishwarya Iyengar, Nikhil Welankar, Ashish Ganu, Nagraj Emmadi, Debjani Roy, Riyaj Sheikh, Naveen Bagalkot, Vikram Parmar, Gaurav Mathur and Prabodh Sakhardande.  I am always thankful to my PhD guide, NL Sarda from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. 

I get opportunities to collaborate with several colleagues outside IIT Bombay, including Matt Jones, Simon Robinson and Jennifer Pearson from the Swansea University, Andy Smith from the Thames Valley University, Andy Dearden from the Sheffield Hallam University, Antonella De Angeli from University of Bolzano, Sanjay Tripathi from TCS, HIV doctors N Kumarasamy and Sanjay Pujari, Akash Ganju, Romain Rutten, Joris Van Dam and Els Veldeman from Johnson and Johnson, Suresh Chande from Nokia, Ed Cutrell and Jacki O'Neill from Microsoft Research, Sriram Subramanian from University of Sussex, Yoshifumi Kitamura from University of Tohoku, Keith Vertanen from Michigan Technological University, Mark Dunlop from University of Strathclyde, Markku Turunen from Tampare University, Marco Winckler from Université Côte d'Azur, Jan Gulliksen from KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Philippe Palanque from University of Toulouse, Regina Bernhaupt from Technical University Eindhoven, Torkil Clemmensen from Copenhagen Business School, Helen Petrie from University of York, Simone Barbosa from PUC-Rio, Aaron Quigley from Data61, Loren Terveen from University of Minnesota, Cliff Lampe from University of Michigan, Helena Mentis from Drexel University, Neha Kumar from Georgia Tech, and many other colleagues and friends in the IFIP TC13 and ACM SIGCHI Executive Committee.

While many of my collaborations have resulted in publications, I have also learnt a lot from the research that was never published. Such research often remains close to one's heart. 

References

1. Devanuj Kanta Balkrishan and Anirudha Joshi. 2013. Technology adoption by 'emergent' users: the user-usage model. In Proceedings of the 11th Asia Pacific Conference on Computer Human Interaction (APCHI '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/2525194.2525209

2. Antonella De Angeli, Uday Athavankar, Anirudha Joshi, Lynne Coventry, Graham I. Johnson. 2004. Introducing ATMs in India: a contextual inquiry. Interacting with Computers, Volume 16, Issue 1, February 2004, Pages 29–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2003.11.003

3. Anirudha Joshi, Nikhil Welankar, Naveen BL, Kirti Kanitkar, and Riyaj Sheikh. 2008. Rangoli: a visual phonebook for low-literate users. In Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services (MobileHCI '08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1145/1409240.1409264 

4. Medhi, I., Toyama, K., Joshi, A., Athavankar, U., Cutrell, E. (2013). A Comparison of List vs. Hierarchical UIs on Mobile Phones for Non-literate Users. In: Kotzé, P., Marsden, G., Lindgaard, G., Wesson, J., Winckler, M. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8118. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40480-1_33 

5. Deepak Ranjan Padhi, Anirudha Joshi, Abhishek Shrivastava, and Rucha Tulaskar. 2018. Hierarchy or List? Comparing Menu Navigation by Emergent Users. In Proceedings of the 9th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3297121.3297125 

6. Abhishek Shrivastava and Anirudha Joshi. 2014. Effects of visuals, menu depths, and menu positions on IVR usage by non-tech savvy users. In Proceedings of the 6th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1145/2676702.2676707 

7. Abhishek Shrivastava and Anirudha Joshi. 2019. Directedness and persistence in audio-visual interface for emergent users. In Proceedings of the 10th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3364183.3364191 

8. Nikhil Welankar, Anirudha Joshi, Kirti Kanitkar. Principles for Simplifying Translation of Marathi Terms in Mobile Phones, India HCI 2010/ Interaction Design & International Development 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/IHCI2010.2 

9. Nagraj Emmadi, Anirudha Joshi, and Nirav Malsattar. 2014. Terminologies Used In Localized Mobile Application For Supply Chain Management In Rural India. In Proceedings of the 6th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1145/2676702.2676706 

10. Jennifer Pearson, Simon Robinson, Matt Jones, Anirudha Joshi, Shashank Ahire, Deepak Sahoo, and Sriram Subramanian. 2017. Chameleon Devices: Investigating More Secure and Discreet Mobile Interactions via Active Camouflaging. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5184–5196. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025482

11. Simon Robinson, Jennifer Pearson, Matt Jones, Anirudha Joshi, and Shashank Ahire. 2017. Better together: disaggregating mobile services for emergent users. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 44, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3098279.3098534

12. Jennifer Pearson, Simon Robinson, Thomas Reitmaier, Matt Jones, Shashank Ahire, Anirudha Joshi, Deepak Sahoo, Nimish Maravi, and Bhakti Bhikne. 2019. StreetWise: Smart Speakers vs Human Help in Public Slum Settings. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Paper 96, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300326 

13. Jones, M., Robinson, S., Pearson, J. et al. Beyond “yesterday’s tomorrow”: future-focused mobile interaction design by and for emergent users. Pers Ubiquit Comput 21, 157–171 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-016-0982-0

14. Anirudha Joshi, Ashish Ganu, Aditya Chand, Vikram Parmar, and Gaurav Mathur. 2004. Keylekh: a keyboard for text entry in indic scripts. In CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '04). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 928–942. https://doi.org/10.1145/985921.985950 

15. Anirudha Joshi, Girish Dalvi, Manjiri Joshi, Prasad Rashinkar, and Aniket Sarangdhar. 2011. Design and evaluation of Devanagari virtual keyboards for touch screen mobile phones. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1145/2037373.2037422

16. Girish Dalvi, Shashank Ahire, Nagraj Emmadi, Manjiri Joshi, Nirav Malsettar, Debasis Samanta, Devendra Jalihal, and Anirudha Joshi. 2015. A Protocol to Evaluate Virtual Keyboards for Indian Languages. In Proceedings of the 7th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/2835966.2835970

17. Girish Dalvi, Shashank Ahire, Nagraj Emmadi, Manjiri Joshi, Anirudha Joshi, Sanjay Ghosh, Prasad Ghone, and Narendra Parmar. 2016. Does prediction really help in Marathi text input? empirical analysis of a longitudinal study. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1145/2935334.2935366

18. Sanjay Ghosh, Anirudha Joshi, Manjiri Joshi, Nagraj Emmadi, Girish Dalvi, Shashank Ahire, and Swati Rangale. 2017. Shift+Tap or Tap+LongPress? The Upper Bound of Typing Speed on InScript. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2059–2063. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025944 

19. Anu Bharath, P., Jadhav, C., Ahire, S., Joshi, M., Ahirwar, R., Joshi, A. (2017). Performance of Accessible Gesture-Based Indic Keyboard. In: Bernhaupt, R., Dalvi, G., Joshi, A., K. Balkrishan, D., O'Neill, J., Winckler, M. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction - INTERACT 2017. INTERACT 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10513. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67744-6_14 

20. Bhakti Bhikne, Anirudha Joshi, Manjiri Joshi, Shashank Ahire, and Nimish Maravi. 2018. How Much Faster Can You Type by Speaking in Hindi? Comparing Keyboard-Only and Keyboard+Speech Text Entry. In Proceedings of the 9th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3297121.3297123 

21. Bhikne, B., Joshi, A., Joshi, M., Jadhav, C., Sakhardande, P. (2019). Faster and Less Error-Prone: Supplementing an Accessible Keyboard with Speech Input. In: Lamas, D., Loizides, F., Nacke, L., Petrie, H., Winckler, M., Zaphiris, P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019. INTERACT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11746. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29381-9_18 

22. Deshmukh, V., Joshi, A. (2025). IDCText: An Application for Conducting Text Input Research Studies in Indian Languages. In: Rangaswamy, N., Sim, G.R., Borah, P.P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Research. IndiaHCI 2024. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 2337. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80829-6_5 

23. Nikhil Welankar, Anirudha Joshi and Kirti Kanitkar. Principles for Simplifying Translation of Marathi Terms in Mobile Phones. India HCI 2010. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/IHCI2010.2

24.  Shetye, S.A., Joshi, A. (2025). Could You Hear That? Identifying Marathi Phrases Suitable for Aural Transcription Tasks. In: Rangaswamy, N., Sim, G.R., Borah, P.P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Research. IndiaHCI 2024. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 2337. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80829-6_4

25. Zuha, A.P., Joshi, A., Deshpande, S., Mohalik, A., Naik, R., Banahatti, V. (2024). Graphical Passwords for Emergent Users: A Four-Day Recall Comparative Study on PIN, Passfaces and Celebrities. In: Joshi, A., Sim, G.R. (eds) Proceedings of the 14th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. IndiaHCI 2023. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1162. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4335-3_4 

26. Sharma, I., Joshi, A. (2025). To Shuffle or Not to Shuffle: Evaluation of the Effect of Shuffling on Celebrity Passfaces. In: Rangaswamy, N., Sim, G.R., Borah, P.P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Research. IndiaHCI 2024. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 2337. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80829-6_2 

27. Bhagdikar, A., Joshi, A. Greedy Grids: The Effect of Grid Size on Usability and Memorability of Celebrity Passfaces. (forthcoming)

28. Sharma, I., Joshi, A. (2026). More is Still Easy: Adding Dimensions to Android Pattern Locks to Enhance Security for Emergent Users Without Compromising Usability and Memorability. In: Bhutkar, G., Tom, S., Roy, D., Abdelnour-Nocera, J. (eds) Designing for Tomorrow: Innovation and Equity in Global Interaction Design. IDID 2024. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 747. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-00777-3_5 

29. Joshi, A. et al. (2011). Design Opportunities for Supporting Treatment of People Living with HIV / AIDS in India. In: Campos, P., Graham, N., Jorge, J., Nunes, N., Palanque, P., Winckler, M. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2011. INTERACT 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6947. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23771-3_24

30. Aishwarya M. Iyengar and Anirudha Joshi. 2013. Evaluating anonymous social networking for PLHA with social prototypes. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Symposium on Computing for Development (ACM DEV '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 35, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1145/2442882.2442923 

31. Anirudha Joshi, Mandar Rane, Debjani Roy, Nagraj Emmadi, Padma Srinivasan, N. Kumarasamy, Sanjay Pujari, Davidson Solomon, Rashmi Rodrigues, D.G. Saple, Kamalika Sen, Els Veldeman, and Romain Rutten. 2014. Supporting treatment of people living with HIV / AIDS in resource limited settings with IVRs. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1595–1604. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557236

32. Joshi, A., Roy, D., Ganju, A., Joshi, M., Sharma, S. (2019). ICT Acceptance for Information Seeking Amongst Pre- and Postnatal Women in Urban Slums. In: Lamas, D., Loizides, F., Nacke, L., Petrie, H., Winckler, M., Zaphiris, P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019. INTERACT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11748. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29387-1_9 

33. Pallavi Rao and Anirudha Joshi. 2021. Design Opportunities for Supporting Elderly in India in Managing their Health and Fitness Post-COVID-19. In Proceedings of the 11th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3429290.3429294

34. Pallavi Rao Gadahad and Anirudha Joshi. 2022. Wearable Activity Trackers in Managing Routine Health and Fitness of Indian Older Adults: Exploring Barriers to Usage. In Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference (NordiCHI '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3546155.3546645

35. Gadahad, P.R., Joshi, A. (2024). “So, Should I Walk Today or Not?” Understanding Concerns and Queries on Health and Fitness Among Indian Older Adults. In: Joshi, A., Sim, G.R. (eds) Proceedings of the 14th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. IndiaHCI 2023. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1162. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4335-3_2

36. Rao, P., Joshi, A., D’Souza, N. (2025). Investigating Contextual Factors in Technology-Based Solutions Designed to Support Health and Fitness Routines for Older Adults: A Systematic Review. In: Rangaswamy, N., Sim, G.R., Borah, P.P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction. Design and Research. IndiaHCI 2024. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 2337. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80829-6_8 

37. Vyas, N., Kalgutkar, T., Joshi, A., Unpacking the Lived Informatics Model to Support Young People in Their Wearable Activity Tracker Journey (forthcoming)

38. Yash Mehta, Anirudha Joshi, Manjiri Joshi, and Charudatta Jadhav. 2016. Accessibility of Date Picker for Touchscreens. In Proceedings of the 8th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1145/3014362.3014368

39. Sakhardande, P., Joshi, A., Jadhav, C., Joshi, M. (2019). Comparing User Performance on Parallel-Tone, Parallel-Speech, Serial-Tone and Serial-Speech Auditory Graphs. In: Lamas, D., Loizides, F., Nacke, L., Petrie, H., Winckler, M., Zaphiris, P. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2019. INTERACT 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11746. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29381-9_16 

40. Deepak Ranjan Padhi, Rohan Jhunja, and Anirudha Joshi. 2021. Enabling adults with less education to support their child’s education through hyperlocal educational videos. In Proceedings of the 32nd Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1145/3441000.3441060 

41. Joshi, A., Sarda, N.L. (2010). Evaluating Relative Contributions of Various HCI Activities to Usability. In: Bernhaupt, R., Forbrig, P., Gulliksen, J., Lárusdóttir, M. (eds) Human-Centred Software Engineering. HCSE 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6409. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16488-0_14

42. Joshi, A., Sarda, N.L. (2011). Do Teams Achieve Usability Goals? Evaluating Goal Achievement with Usability Goals Setting Tool. In: Campos, P., Graham, N., Jorge, J., Nunes, N., Palanque, P., Winckler, M. (eds) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6946. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23774-4_26

43. Anirudha Joshi, N.L. Sarda, Sanjay Tripathi, Measuring effectiveness of HCI integration in software development processes, Journal of Systems and Software, Volume 83, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2045-2058, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.078